Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Intracerebroventricular Injection of Metformin Induces Anorexia in Rats: Chang Koo Lee, Yoon Jung Choi, So Young Park, Jong Yeon Kim, Kyu Chang Won, Yong Woon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(4):293-299. Published online August 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.4.293

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Background

Metformin, an oral biguanide insulin-sensitizing agent, is well known to decrease appetite. Although there is evidence that metformin could affect the brain directly, the exact mechanism is not yet known.

Methods

To evaluate whether metformin induces anorexia via the hypothalamus, various concentrations of metformin were injected into the lateral ventricle of rats through a chronically implanted catheter and food intake was measured for 24 hours. The hypothalamic neuropeptides associated with regulation of food intake were also analyzed following 1 hour of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of metformin.

Results

An ICV injection of metformin decreased food intake in a dose-dependent manner in unrestrained conscious rats. Hypothalamic phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) increased by 3 µg with metformin treatment, but there was no further increase in pAMPK with increases in metformin dosage. The hypothalamic phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) increased by 3 µg with metformin treatment, but, there was no further increase in pSTAT3 level following increases of metformin dosage. Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin was elevated with metformin treatment, while neuropeptide Y was not significantly changed.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that metformin induces anorexia via direct action in the hypothalamus and the increase in pSTAT3, at least in part, is involved in the process. However, hypothalamic pAMPK appears not to contribute to metformin-induced appetite reduction in normal rats. Further studies exploring new pathways connecting metformin and feeding regulation are needed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel-Deficient Mice Show Hyperphagia but Are Resistant to Obesity: Yeul Bum Park, Yun Jung Choi, So Young Park, Jong Yeon Kim, Seong Ho Kim, Dae Kyu Song, Kyu Chang Won, Yong Woon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(3):219-225. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.3.219

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The hypothalamus, the center for body weight regulation, can sense changes in blood glucose level based on ATP-sensitive potassium (K_ATP) channels in the hypothalamic neurons. We hypothesized that a lack of glucose sensing in the hypothalamus affects the regulations of appetite and body weight.

Methods

To evaluate this hypothesis, the responses to glucose loading and high fat feeding for eight weeks were compared in Kir6.2 knock-out (KO) mice and control C57BL/6 mice, because Kir6.2 is a key component of the K_ATP channel.

Results

The hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) analyzed one hour after glucose injection was suppressed in C57BL/6 mice, but not in Kir6.2 KO mice, suggesting a blunted hypothalamic response to glucose in Kir6.2 KO mice. The hypothalamic NPY expression at a fed state was elevated in Kir6.2 KO mice and was accompanied with hyperphagia. However, the retroperitoneal fat mass was markedly decreased in Kir6.2 KO mice compared to that in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, the body weight and visceral fat following eight weeks of high fat feeding in Kir6.2 KO mice were not significantly different from those in control diet-fed Kir6.2 KO mice, while body weight and visceral fat mass were elevated due to high fat feeding in C57BL/6 mice.

Conclusion

These results suggested that Kir6.2 KO mice showed a blunted hypothalamic response to glucose loading and elevated hypothalamic NPY expression accompanied with hyperphagia, while visceral fat mass was decreased, suggesting resistance to diet-induced obesity. Further study is needed to explain this phenomenon.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Effect of w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation diet oninsulin binding, and generation of diabetes in STZ-injected femalerats.: Suck Kang Lee, Jong Yeon Kim, Yong Woon Kim, Gong Rae Cho; Korean Diabetes J. 1992;16(2):103-110. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Insulin resistance on receptor and post-receptor phases in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats.: Jong Yeon Kim, Yong Woon Kim, Suck Kang Lee; Korean Diabetes J. 1991;15(1):53-62. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

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